Molecular and clinical analyses of Greig cephalopolysyndactyly and Pallister-Hall syndromes: robust phenotype prediction from the type and position of GLI3 mutations.
نویسندگان
چکیده
Mutations in the GLI3 zinc-finger transcription factor gene cause Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS) and Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS), which are variable but distinct clinical entities. We hypothesized that GLI3 mutations that predict a truncated functional repressor protein cause PHS and that functional haploinsufficiency of GLI3 causes GCPS. To test these hypotheses, we screened patients with PHS and GCPS for GLI3 mutations. The patient group consisted of 135 individuals: 89 patients with GCPS and 46 patients with PHS. We detected 47 pathological mutations (among 60 probands); when these were combined with previously published mutations, two genotype-phenotype correlations were evident. First, GCPS was caused by many types of alterations, including translocations, large deletions, exonic deletions and duplications, small in-frame deletions, and missense, frameshift/nonsense, and splicing mutations. In contrast, PHS was caused only by frameshift/nonsense and splicing mutations. Second, among the frameshift/nonsense mutations, there was a clear genotype-phenotype correlation. Mutations in the first third of the gene (from open reading frame [ORF] nucleotides [nt] 1-1997) caused GCPS, and mutations in the second third of the gene (from ORF nt 1998-3481) caused primarily PHS. Surprisingly, there were 12 mutations in patients with GCPS in the 3' third of the gene (after ORF nt 3481), and no patients with PHS had mutations in this region. These results demonstrate a robust correlation of genotype and phenotype for GLI3 mutations and strongly support the hypothesis that these two allelic disorders have distinct modes of pathogenesis.
منابع مشابه
Novel GLI3 variant causing overlapped Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS) and Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS) phenotype with agenesis of gallbladder and pancreas.
BACKGROUND A proper balance between the activator and the repressor form of GLI3, a zinc-finger transcription factor downstream of hedgehog signaling, is essential for proper development of various organs during development. Mutations in different domains of the GLI3 gene underlie several congenital diseases including Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS) and Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS)...
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To the Editor : Mutations of the GLI3 gene lead to a wide variety of phenotypes such as Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (GCPS), Pallister–Hall syndrome (PHS), postaxial polydactyly (PAP) types A/B, and preaxial polysyndactyly (PPD) type IV (1–7). The main clinical features of these phenotypes are summarized in Table 1. The GLI3 protein may be divided into three parts (Fig. 1). The part towards the ...
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عنوان ژورنال:
- American journal of human genetics
دوره 76 4 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2005